on is strongly in favor of observing precedents and of tryin

en Colonies had reached the point where they felt that they must separate from England, their spokesman, Thomas Jefferson, found the necessary justification in the fundamental compact of the first settlers "in the wilds of America" where "the emigrants thought proper to adopt tha

h with the past was made when the proposal in the Virginia Resolutions was accepted that amendments made by the Convention in the Articles of Confederation should be submitted to assemblies chosen by the people instead of to the legislatures of the separate States. This was the more readily accepted because it was believed that ratification by the legislatures would result in the formation of a treaty rather than in a working instrument of government. The next step was

gly expressed the opinion that the Constitution should "be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof." This was nothing less than indirect ratification by the people; and, since it was impossible to foretell in advance which of the States would or w

should be followed, and accordingly sent the document to the States, but without a word of approval or disapproval. On the whole the document was well received, especially as it was favored b

gates were recognized and attended only by the so-called American Whigs, and after the Declaration of Independence the name of Tory became a reproach, so that with the end of the war the Tory party disappeared. After the Revolution there were local parties in the various States, divided on one and another question, such as that of hard and soft money, and these issues had coincided in different States; but they were in

stroying liberty. Especially debtors and creditors took opposite sides, and most of the people in the United States could have been brought under one or the other category. The former favored a system of government and legislation which would tend to relieve or postpone the payment of debts; and, as that relief would come more readily from the State Governments, they were naturally the friends of State rights and State authority and were opposed to any enlargement of

the necessary quorum for the transaction of business. The excitement and indignation in the city were so great that early the next morning a crowd gathered, dragged two of the absentees from their lodgings to the State House, and held them firmly in their places until the roll was called and a quorum counted, when the House proceeded to order a State convention. As soon as the news of this vote got out, the city gave itself up to celebrating the e

New Jersey convention spent only a week in discussion and then voted, also unanimously, for ratification on the 18th of December. The next State to ratify was Georgia, where the Constitution was approved withou

Shays' Rebellion had broken out, were to be counted in the opposition. There were 355 delegates who took part in the Massachusetts convention, a larger number than was chosen in any of the other States, and the majority seemed to be opposed to ratification. The division was close, however, and it was believed that the attitude of two men would determine the result. One of these was Governor John Hancock, who was chosen chairman of the convention but who did not attend the sessions at the outset, as he was confined to his house by an attack of gout, which, it was malicio

e, of immediate or future amendment. Pressure was accordingly brought to bear upon Governor Hancock and intimations were made to him of future political preferment, until he was persuaded to propose immediate ratification of the Constitution, with an urgent recommendation of such amendments as would remove the objections of the Massachusetts people. When this proposal was approved by Adams, its success was assured, and a few days later, on the 6th of February, the convention voted 187 to 168 in favor of ratification. Nine amendments, largely in the nature of a bill of rights

n Lincoln wrote to Washington, on the 9th of February, enc

deficient I will mention an observation I heard made by a Lady the last evening who saw the whole that the description in the paper would no more compare with the original than the light of t

ut as being of little importance; but it throws an

two hogs of punch the moment they found that the people had drank sufficiently means were taken to

History, vol.

Ib

d exclaimed: "I'll be hanged if ever the people of Maryland agree to it!" To which his colleague retorted: "I advise you to stay in Philadelphia, lest you should be hanged."

eciding factors in determining public opinion. When the elections were held, they resulted in an overwhelming majority for the Federalists,

t this delay proved to be of no consequence for, when the time came for the second meeting of the New Hampshire delegates, eight States had already acted favorably and adoption was regarded as a certainty. This was sufficie

ontest was a bitter one and, even after the elections had been held and the convention had opened, early in June, the decision was in doubt and remained in doubt until the very end. The situation was, in one respect at least, similar to that which had existed in Massachusetts, in that it was possible to get a substantial majority in favor of the Constitution provided certain amendments were made. The same arguments were used, strengthened on the one side by what other States had done, and on t

adison and Jay, and before the end of October, 1787, published the first essay in The Independent Gazetteer. From that time on these papers continued to be printed over the signature of "Publius," sometimes as many as three or four in a week. There were eighty-five numbers altogether, which have ever since been known as The Federalist. Of these approximately fifty were the work of Hamilton, Madison wrote about thirty and Jay five. Although the essays were widely copied in other journals, and form for us the most important commentary on the Constitution, making what is regarded as one of America's greatest books, it is doubtful how much immediate influence they had. Certainly in the New York convention itself Hamilton's personal influence was a stronger force. His arguments w

kable. Even before the action of New York had been taken, the Fourth of July was made the occasion for a great celebration throughout

, levying duties upon foreign goods imported, which were made specifically to apply to imports from Rhode Island and North Carolina. This was sufficient for North Carolina, and on November 21, 1789, the convention ratified the Constitution. But Rhode Island still held out. A convention of that State was finally called to meet in March, 1790, but accomplished nothing and avoided a decision by adjourning until May. The Federal Government then proceeded to threaten drastic measures by taking up a bill which authorized the President to suspend all commercial intercourse with Rhode Island and to demand of that State the payment of its share of the Federal deb

e raised. Some of the arguments it is true, went to the very heart of the matter and considered the fundam

president may easily become a king.... If your American chief be a man of ambition and ability how e

sked permission "to make a short apostrophe to li

e!-Pardon me if I drop a tear on the peril to which she is exposed; I cannot, sir, see this brighte

titution," by B. C. Steiner, in Proceedings of the A

the Federal Constitu

vernment might erect a fortified stronghold which would be invincible? Again, in the light of subsequent events it is laughable to find many protesting that, although each house was required to keep a journal of proceedings, it was only required "from t

uenced & lead by that Knave Dr. Franklin, who is a public Defaulter for Millions of Dollars, that Mr. Morris has defr

ry of the Constitut

the conclusion that such critics and detractors

lishment of a strong government. The creditor class seemed to require some special provision and, when the powers of Congress were under consideration in the Federal Convention, several of the members argued strongly for a positive injunction on Congress to assume obligations of the States. The chief objection to this procedure seemed to be based upon the fear of benefiting speculators rather than the legitimate creditors, and the matter was finally compromised by providing that all debts should be "as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation." The charge that the Constituti

the first Wednesday in February; and that the Senate and House of Representatives should assemble on the first Wednesday in March. It was also decided that the seat of government should be in the City of New York until otherwise ordered by Congress. In accordance wi

for believing that the Articles of Confederation, with some amendments, would have been made to work. The success of the new government was therefore in a large measure dependent upon the favor of the people. If they wished to do so, they could make it win out in spite of obstacles. In other words, the

e habits they are acquiring, the good effects will soon be distinguishable. When the people shall find themselves secure under an energetic government, when foreign Nations shall be disposed to give us equal advantages in commerce from dread of retaliation, when the burdens of the war shall be in a manner done away by the sale of western lands, when th

opinion was expressed by Crèv

erybody feels the necessity of coercive laws, government, union, industry, and labor.... The exports of t

rning prosperity was predisposing the people to think well of it. The inauguration of Wa

END

w the text of the Revised Statutes of

ION OF INDEP

ess, Jul

ion of the thirteen un

another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God en

and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them u

Laws, the most wholesome and

ortance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be ob

f people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation i

rtable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for

eatedly, for opposing with manly firmness

lative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the St

ucting the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encoura

f Justice, by refusing his Assent to L

lone, for the tenure of their offices, and

and sent hither swarms of Officers to harra

f peace, Standing Armies without

e Military independent of an

foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our law

rge bodies of arm

Punishment for any Murders which they shoul

r Trade with all p

xes on us witho

any cases, of the ben

yond Seas to be tried

therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once

our most valuable Laws, and altering fu

eclaring themselves invested with Power t

, by declaring us out of his Pro

our Coasts, burnt our towns, and

death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarce

as to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners o

the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule

ur repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is

ration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspo

and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, c

HAN

Hamp

h Bar

Whip

ew Th

husett

. Ad

n A

Treat

dge G

e Is

. Ho

am El

ecti

r Sh

Hunti

Will

r Wol

Yo

Fl

Livi

s. L

s Mo

Je

. Sto

Withe

Hopk

n H

. Cl

sylv

. Mo

amin

. Fra

Mor

Cly

. S

Tay

s Wi

. R

awa

r Ro

. R

M'K

yla

el C

Pa

. St

rroll of C

gin

ge W

d Henr

Jeff

. Har

Nelson

Lightf

r Bra

Caro

Ho

ph H

n P

Caro

d Rut

eyward

Lynch

r Mid

or

n Gwi

an

. W

ile of the original, but the punctuation of them is not always the same; neither do the names of the States appear in the fac-simile of the original. The names

F CONFEDER

, we the undersigned Delegates of the St

and in the Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisl

chusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey,

s confederacy shall be "The

e, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confed

he security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force

tizens in the several States; and the people of each State shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that

rom justice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall upon demand of the Governor or Executive power

e States to the records, acts and judicial proceedin

r as the legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to ea

ing a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding

in a meeting of the States, and while they a

nited States, in Congress assembl

ress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the

t, alliance or treaty with any king prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emo

een them, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accur

es, entered into by the United States in Congress assembled, with any king, prince or state,

by any State, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such State; but every State shall always keep up

States in Congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so

onel, shall be appointed by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such

be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted to or surveyed for any person, a

authority and direction of the Legislatures of the several States w

restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever-of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the

of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as Congress shall direct, shall in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court t

ants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the

ers of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated-establishing and regulating post-offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing thro' the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said offic

States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted,-to build and equip a navy-to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the Legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloath, arm and equip them in a soldier like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled: but if the United States in Congress assembled shal

he defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be rai

their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgment require secresy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be entered on the journal, when

d States in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to th

States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: but no ot

e assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against

them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time her

n for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: and we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith o

the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand

eration at different times, as appears by the dates, it is probable they affixed their names a

alf of the State

h Bar

h, Junr., Aug

alf of the State of

Han

el A

dge G

cis

s Lo

el H

the State of Rhode Island

ams E

Marc

Col

ehalf of the Stat

r Sh

Hunti

r Wol

s Ho

ew A

behalf of the St

. D

. L

Du

. Mo

of the State of New J

Withe

. Scu

half of the Stat

. Mo

l Rob

Bayard

am Cl

ed, 22d J

ehalf of the St

an, Feby.

inson, Ma

as Van

behalf of the St

on, March

rroll, Ma

behalf of the St

d Henr

Ban

as A

Har

Lightf

ehalf of the Stat

, July 21

. Har

Wil

alf of the State

y La

Henry

Mat

d. H

Heywar

ehalf of the St

on, 24th

. Te

Lang

TERRITORIAL GO

TE CONGRESS,

of the territory of the United S

, for the purpose of temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided i

distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving in all cases to the widow of the intestate, her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be, (being of full age,) and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, and deliv

or, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall resi

y to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six months to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be appointed a cou

ssary, and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district until the org

litia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of genera

he preservation of the peace and good order in the same. After the general assembly shall be organized the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defi

l and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed, from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district

ee male inhabitants, shall the right of representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty-five; after which the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the legislature: Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have

eath of a representative, or removal from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or to

Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in the council, by death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress, one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term; and every five years, four months at least before the expiration of the time of service of the members of the council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serv

; the governor before the President of Congress, and all other officers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assembled, in one

hose principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the said territory; to provide, also, for the establishment of States, and perma

icles shall be considered as articles of compact, between the original States and the people an

ICL

anner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of w

ICL

evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to demand his pa

CLE

ved towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just an

ICL

ss, according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the district, or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find n

ICL

the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: Provided, however, And it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of t

ICL

hall have been duly convicted: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any o

the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance

e 13th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, an

OF THE UNITED

Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Libert

ICL

l be vested in a Congress of the United States, which

d Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the

wenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who sh

r Persons.] The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Represen

m any State, the Executive Authority thereof shal

se their Speaker and other Officers; and

ed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature

iration of the second year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies hap

]ty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall n

hall be President of the Senate, but shall

dent pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when

all be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice sha

ion to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicte

ives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at

ar, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in De

rity of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be aut

ngs, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and

ng such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of eithe

e Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to a

nited States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of thei

ority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time

inate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate

t. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons

ment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by

xcises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the Unit

on the credit of

n Nations, and among the several S

zation, and uniform Laws on the subject of

hereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix

counterfeiting the Securities and

Post Offices

ecuring for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exc

ibunals inferior t

elonies committed on the high Seas, an

Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules

Appropriation of Money to that Use sh

de and main

overnment and Regulation o

tia to execute the Laws of the Union, su

may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment o

and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all places purchased by the Con

ution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution i

proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred a

l not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebel

der or expost facto

laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or E

be laid on Articles e

the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to,

riations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts

of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any pres

al; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass an

ecessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, sha

War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Pow

ICL

tates of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, t

whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or

ctors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes;

onstitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who

all devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice Pres

ither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he

solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of the President of the United State

ual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to

he Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and

t may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Com

e may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as

e United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and

CLE

from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour

Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;-to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;-to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more States;-between a State and Cit

supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have app

be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed wit

r in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treas

eason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blo

ICL

nd judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe

hall be entitled to all Privileges and Imm

ice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the Executive Authority of the State fr

r, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or La

ected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States,

g the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution

f Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legis

ICL

be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that

CLE.

Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the U

or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges i

dicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Con

CLE

shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Co

r in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of

ASHIN

d Deputy fr

Hamp

Lan

las G

achu

niel

us

ecti

aml.

r Sh

Yo

der Ha

Je

Livin

d Br

Patt

: Da

sylv

Frn

as M

. Mo

. C

Fitz

Inge

s Wi

v M

awa

: R

g Bedf

Dic

rd Ba

o:

yla

s Mc

St Thos

. Ca

gin

n B

Madi

Caro

Bl

Dobbs

illi

Caro

Rut

otesworth

es Pi

ce B

or

lia

Ba

te

Jackson,

GRAPHI

Hildreth's History of the United States, 6 vols. (1849-1852), is another early work that is still of value, although it is written with a Federalist bias. J. B. McMaster's History of the People of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War, 8 vols. (1883-1913), presents a kaleidoscopic series of pictures gathered largely from contemporary newspapers, throwing light upon, and ad

s really a separate work. The author appears at his best in these volumes and has never been entirely superseded by later writers. G. T. Curtis's History of the Constitution of the United States, 2 vols

Critical Period of American History (1888), written with the clearness of presentation and charm of style which are characteristic of the author, is an interesting and readable comprehensive account. Richard

nce (1916) should be mentioned as the latest and best work, although it lays more stress upon the phases indicated by the title. C. H. Van Tyne's Loyalists in t

(1916). G. S. Callender has written short introductions to the various chapters of his Selections from the Economic History of the United States (1909), which are brilliant interpretations of great value. P. J. Treat's The National Land System, 1785-1820 (1910), gives the most satisfactory

titution (1913). C. A. Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913) gives some interesting and valuable facts regarding economic aspects of the formation of the Constitution, and particularly on the subject of investments in gover

IX and X (1890-91); McMaster and Stone's Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787-88 (1888); S. B. Harding's Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in the State of Massachusetts (1896); O.

he Constitution, etc. (1888). The most valuable commentary on the Constitution, The Federalist, is to

hington (2 vols., 1889) and Alexander Hamilton (1882); J. T. Morse's Benjamin Franklin (1889), John Adams (1885), and Thomas Jefferson (1883); Theodore Roosevelt's Gouverneur Morris, (1888). Other readable volumes are P. L. Ford's The True George Washington (1896) and The Many-sided Franklin (

, Colonial Charters, etc., 2 vols. (1877); F. N. Thorpe's The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws, 7 vols. (1909); and the Journals of the Continental Con

BERS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTIO

or Hugo

s volume the effigies or pretended effigies of thirty-seven of them, from etchings by Albert Rosenthal in an extra-illustrated volume devoted to the Members of the Federal Convention, 1787, in the Thomas Addis Emmet Collection owned by the New York Public Library. The autographs are from the same source. This series presents no portraits of David Brearley

ortraits which were hung in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Statements in the case by Rosenthal and by the late Charles Henry Hart are in the American Art News, March 3, 1917, p. 4. See also Hart's

enses, in a most commendable mutuality. Prime movers and workers were the late Dr. Emmet, of New York, and Simon Gratz, Esq., still active in Philadelphia. These men have done much to stimulate appreciation for and the preservation of the fundamental sources of American history. When they began, and for many years thereafter, not the same critical standards reigned among American historians, much less among American collectors, as the canons

rd to Rosenthal's work is correct: but the fault is not his. Many of the photographs are utterly wanting in expression or character; and if the artist were to undertake to correct these deficiencies by making the portrait what he may suppose it should be, his production (while present

al received about twenty dollars for ea

as signed to the Constitution. The Emmet numbers identify the e

rginia), Emmet 9497, inscribed "Joseph Wright Pinxit P

HAMP

bed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phi

of Governor John Langdon LL.D." An oil miniature painted on wood by Col. John Trumbull, in 1792, is in

drawing by the same artist formerly hung in Independence Hall. The two are not at all

ACHU

out inscription of any kind or date. A painting by him, in likeness identic

" King was painted by Col. John Trumbull from life and the portrait is in the Yale School of Fine Arts.

NEC

inting by Rosenthal after Stuart hung in Independence Hall. Stuart's portrait of Dr. Johnson "was one of the first, if not the

al Phila. 1888 after Painting by Earle." The identical portrait c

W

th portrait, painted by Col. John Trumbull, is in the City Hall, New York. Other Hamilton portraits by Tru

JE

ila., 1888." A similar portrait, painted by Rosenthal, formerly hung in Ind

t. Emmet 9456 is a drawing of a Brearle

Phila. 1888." A painted portrait by an unknown artist was hung

o formerly hung in Independence Hall. The two are dissimilar. The etching is a profile, bu

SYLV

9463, inscribed "C. W. Peale

ter Painting by Gilbert Stuart." A portrait by Charles Willson Peale, in civilian dr

s in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Stuart painted Morris in 1795. A copy was owned by the late Charl

after Painting by C. W. Peale." There is a similar type portrait, yet not identic

no portrait and the Emmet corr

Painting by C. W. Peale." A portrait of the same origin, said to have been

ert Rosenthal 1888." Seems to have been derived from a

Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after a copy by Marchant from Painting

LA

9481 a stipple plate "Engraved by J. B. Longacre from a Painting by Pine." It is upon the Longacre-

The etching is the same portrait. On May 13, 1883, Mr. Simon Gratz wrote to Dr. Emmet: "A very fair lithograph can, I think, be made from the photograph of Gunning Bedford, Jun.

Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by C. W

enthal in Independence Hall. While similar in type, they are not identical. They vary in physio

portrait and no information

RY

like. The etching faces three-quarters to the right, whilst the St. Memin is a profile portrait. In January, 1885, Henry F. Thompson, of Baltimore, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "If yo

enry F. Thompson of Baltimore, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "Mr. Daniel Jenifer has a Portrait of his Grand Uncle Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer and will be glad to make arrangements for you to get a copy of it.... His address is No. 281 Linden Ave, Baltimore." In Ju

, of Baltimore, in January, 1885, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "If you will write to Genl. John Carroll No. 61

RG

portrait for Independence Hall. The two are of the same type but not alike. The etc

Stuart." Stuart painted several paintings of Madison, as shown in Mason, Life of Stuart, pp. 218-9. Possibl

H CA

n November, 1885, Moses White, of Knoxville, Tenn., wrote thus: "Genl. Marcus J. Wright, published, last year, a life of Win. Blount, which contains a lik

d he had found in the possession of his friend in Paris, J. R. D. Shepard, "St. Memin's engraving of his great-grandfather Governor Spaight of North Carolina." In 1887 and 1888, Dr. Emmet and Mr. Gratz were jointly interested in having Albert Rosenthal engrave for them a portrait of Spaight. On December 9, 1887, Gratz wrote to Emm

a. 1888," Rosenthal also painted a copy "after John Wesley Jarvis" for Independence Hall. The two are und

H CA

Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after J. Trumbull." The original pain

miniature on wood was painted by Col. John Trumbull, in 1791, which is in the Yale School of Fine Arts. Pinckney was also pa

nckney of Stateburg [S. C.] has a picture of Gov. Pinckney." The owner of this portrait was a grandson of the subject. On January 12, 1885, P. G. De Saussure wrote to Emmet: "Half an hour ago I received from the Photographer two of the Pictures [one being] Charles Pinckne

ny likeness of my great-grandfather, except an oil-portrait wh. was last seen more than thirty years ago in a lumber room in his former house at the n. w. corner of 8th & Chestnut streets [Phila.], since then pulled down." On February 8th, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I am not surprised that the two miniatures do not strike you as being of the same person. Yet I believe there is no doubt of it; my cousin had them from his father who was Maj. Butler's son. The more youthful one is evidently by a poor artist, & therefore probably was a poor likeness." In her t

OR

Rosenthal Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait "after

"after Fulton" in Independence Hall. They are of the same type but not exactly alike, yet likely from the sa

Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by J. Trumbull." Rosenthal also p

N

l treaty with the Netherlands, 11; on fisheries question, 13-14; on settlement of commercial indebtednes

and the Constit

gress (175

e Convention (

ralist pa

, 67-68, 86, 100; questions of land ownership delay ratification, 56-57, 58; financial power of Congress under, 86; failure of Commercial amen

isipi

f the Formation of the Cons

tobiography, on the

of Massachusetts, and S

d, cited,

s.), Shays' Re

19; Articles of Confede

of the United States, ci

onesu

ur of the United

ial treaties, 26; development of trade with Far East, 28; phases of United S

of Correspo

t seq., 108; see also Ar

ion of Independence, 49, 63, 143-144, 167-174; Articles of Confederation, 49-50, 51, see also Arti

ferson's Ordinance of 1784, 69-71, 75; Ordinance of 1787, 72-80, 190-200; inefficiency, 81-84, 127; Revenue Amendment, 87; financial crisis, 87-88; comme

limitations, 127-129, 130, 131, 136; objection to

nment, 44; ratification

123, 127; transmitted to Congress, 145-146; contest over ratification, 146 et seq

ptain Ja

Edward, surrender at

etter to Jef

Manasseh

ia of American Governm

49; Jefferson drafts, 63; charges ag

57; Annapolis Trade Convention, 100

tor, of New Jer

Confederation, 49, 51, 114; against centralized government,

lonel Wi

iana: A Redemption fr

sh Empire and the United

he Federal Constituti

ntion, 115, 124; on slavery, 130; report on Rhod

t Britain. Execut

6-107, 108 et seq.; Re

ist, Th

ist par

ons of currency, 31-32; national system of coinage, 63-64; Revenu

merican Diplom

es, 13-

ical Period of Americ

hip of United States with, 6-8; treaty with United St

onal characteristics, 9; on settlement of debts, 14; Albany plan, 50; presents plan of Union to Continental Congress (177

n War, effect on

ication of Con

can missionary

ridge, 115

thaniel, 1

, of Virginia, 6

colonies, 6; France and, 7; Spain and, 7; and United States boundary lines, 12-13; and fisheries, 13-14; rel

. B., quot

104-105; at Federal Convention, 115-116, 120; on Committee to revise constitution, 140

John, 150

proached on subject of becomi

rick, 61,

etter to Jef

Geographer of the

noia

itted as Sta

t Gazettee

delegates to Federa

ted as a Stat

. F., quot

ioner, 10, 11; personal characteristics, 10-11; sent to Spain, 11; on settleme

rdinand, quot

, 67, 69-71, 75; on value of Continental scrip, 88-89; opinion of Federal Convention, 109, 116; spokesman for colonies

ance of 1784, see

iel of St. Th

r., W. S.,

ary, 1

ranklin corres

hancell

tory of the Valley of

, 113, 132, 140; on three-fifths r

Henr

de, Washington's

r de, French ministe

tates by States, 58-59; American interest in, 59-62; Jefferson and

nce of 1785

g, Joh

s, Hen

e American Revoluti

and Shays' Rebellion, 94; l

W. E., cit

, 19-20; groups comprising, 17; treatment of,

States, quoted, 31; Acquisition of Industrial, Popula

haracteristics; 103-104; and Annapolis Trade Convention, 104; quoted, 108; Washington, and, 111; for strong centr

ther, 116,

er of Congress over western land, 68; agreement with Vi

orge, 112

people for approval, 46; Shays' Rebellion (1786

er Comp

potam

gania

, right of naviga

in western land, 61;

61; quoted, 108, 140; in Federal Convention,

, invests in w

on Acts,

e, commerical t

estrictions on, 26; "plantation covenants", 40; system of land

Confederatio

rk and, 68; and Federal Convention, 106-107;

ification of Co

an, 118, 119,

Vermont, withdraws from New Hampshire and, 68; refuses to accede t

osen as seat of

, mutinous Revolution

and, fish

ratification of

ee also Land Ordinance of 1785, Or

States relinquish claims, 57-59; questio

ed as State

ny of Asso

f 1784, 67,

85, see Land Or

om Ohio Company, 72-74; authorship, 75; provisions,

f military occupat

argé d'Affaires, lette

f 1785,

gainst plan of centra

sipi

cial policy with other States, 100;

usiasm for Constit

vention, see Fed

rs, Mayflower

Charles,

General

146-147; see also

otami

iracy, effect o

t between Virginia and

ter State governorships, 134; election of, 136-137; third te

Congress fl

ion of 17

und, 112, 124

rrespondence of George R

ion of 1

American people, 22; economic

vision (1782), 86; currency trouble (1786), 89-90; attitude toward Shays' Rebellion, 95; recogniti

ee Trans

J., Contrat S

trade

John, 114,

, Cutler endorses for gov

toga

Associa

Danie

ellion (17

n, Rog

76-77; counting of slaves in enumerating population, 121-

ompromise conc

and grant, 65; nee

ntrol in, 45; ratificati

8; possessions in America, 8; Jay sent to

Congress (

H., quot

, 41-43; identical with colonial, 44; aristocratic ten

s Ratification of the State

ge, 36

ablished, 131; se

ania

sioner of Commerce to

party

, 29-30; see a

21; determines boundaries, 12-13, 56; bibliog

Weeden (17

rica and her Commenta

pire Loya

omic conditions after Revolution, 23 et seq.; commercial treaties, 26; aristocratic control in, 36, 44-45; su

Minister, Franklin and, 21

ork and New Hampshire, 68; at

ct of Ordinance

d States, 58, 59, 62; agreement with Maryland, 100; Annapolis Trade Conve

lutions, see

Gringsby's s

issot de, qu

ntion, 110-111; and Madison, 111; and Morris, 113 (note); chosen as President, 139; Lincoln's letter to, 152-

ven division of Nor

, on Ordinance

trade, with

arty,

61, 108, 112,

George,

Rober

cles of Am

Man's

worth H

nish Co

g Berdin

ethan

m Charles

ders of N

am Benne

of the

ry Jo

ers of N

es McLea

English on

Wilder

aker C

ey Geor

ial F

es McLea

uest of

e McKinn

of the R

l Lotu

and His Com

e McKinn

s of the C

ax F

n and His

ry Jon

and his

len J

ll and the

rd Samu

t for a

h Delah

of the Ol

nce Linds

ld No

eric Au

of Andre

eric Au

of Inlan

r Butler

rers of

nce Linds

nish Bo

bert E

d the Me

el Wright

orty-

art Edw

ng of the

erson

tton K

liam E

-Slavery

esse

incoln an

el Wright

of the C

el Wright

of the

m Charles

el of Ap

r Lynwoo

an Spirit

in E.

n Spirit in

liss

Fore

uel Pe

Mercha

h Delah

e of I

land T

lroad B

ohn

of Big

n Jesse

mies o

uel Pe

ters of

ohn

New

land T

and the

uel Pe

level

ry Jon

rarian

on Jus

th of

l Russ

oosevelt a

rold

lson and t

rles S

adian D

ar D.

Nations of

iam R.

riber'

Abraham Lincoln Edition of The Father

the paper book, with the exception of the signers of the document. The book had two signatures per line; we used one signature per line to allow for better formatting across e-book presentations. We transcribed the left column first, from to

of the text have been corre

ates because the sentence continues wi